A Student’s Guide to Khmer Grammar
A study for the SBBIC Khmer Grammar Checker – A Work in Progress

by
Nathan Wells
With the current lack of a comprehensive Khmer Grammar in English we have begun the task to create such a work so that students desiring to understand the Khmer language better can have easy access to better understanding of the inner-workings of Khmer.ย  This grammar is also designed to coincide with our Khmer Grammar Checker, with rules currently inputted in parenthesis. Any corrections or additions are welcome, just leave them in the comments.

  1. Nominal Syntax
    1. Number
    2. Gender
    3. Definiteness
    4. Pronouns
      1. Possessive Pronoun Position (rule)
        In order for a pronoun to be used as a possessive pronoun, it must be placed after the object it possesses (ex. แžกแžถแž“โ€‹แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†). To be perfectly clear regarding possession, the preposition โ€œแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€ or โ€œแž“แŸƒโ€ (often translated as โ€œofโ€) can be used between the object and the pronoun to indicate possession (ex. แžกแžถแž“โ€‹แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹โ€‹โ€‹แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†).
    5. Numerals
    6. Adjectives
      1. Normal Adjective/Noun Order (rule)
        For an adjective to modify a noun, it normally follows the noun (ex. แžกแžถแž“โ€‹แž€แŸ’แžšแž แž˜). An exception (rule) to this rule are gender nouns (such as แž”แŸ’แžšแžปแžŸ and แžŸแŸ’แžšแžธ).
      2. Specific Uses of Adjectives
        1. แž“แžนแž„ as an adjective (rule)
          Means โ€œstill, study, fixedโ€ and when tied with แžแŸ’แž€แž›แŸ‹ it keeps the same meaning, but at times can look abnormal because it can be linked by the conjunction โ€œแž แžพแž™โ€ (ex. แž‘แžนแž€โ€‹แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹แžŸแŸ’แžขแžถแž แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แžแŸ’แž€แž›แŸ‹), but this form is correct.
      3. Comparative Adjectives
        1. Adj + แž‡แžถแž„
          Often used in comparing two different people, places, objects, or actions (ex. แž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแžšโ€‹แžแŸ’แž˜แžธโ€‹แž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแžšโ€‹แž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ”). An adjective is placed before แž‡แžถแž„ to establish what type of comparison is being used (ex. โ€œbetter thanโ€ ยซแž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„ยป โ€œprettier thanโ€ ยซแžŸแŸ’แžขแžถแžโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„ยป).

          1. Possible Uses of Adj + แž‡แžถแž„
            The word แž‡แžถแž„ is also a noun meaning โ€œskilled workerโ€ but based on the words used in the context it is used as a comparative adjective. Here are all known possibilities of แž‡แžถแž„ used as an adjective.
            Neg. Part. + Verb + Adj. + แž‡แžถแž„ + Verb (ex. แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ…แŸ”).
            Verb + Adj. + แž‡แžถแž„ + Neg. Part. + Verb (ex. แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แž‘แŸ…แŸ”).
            Proper Noun|Pronoun + Adj. + แž‡แžถแž„ + Proper Noun|Pronoun (ex. แž€แžปแžŸแž›โ€‹แžŸแž„แŸ’แž แžถโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž…แž“แŸ’แž‘แŸ”).
            Noun + Dem. P. + Adj. + แž‡แžถแž„ + Noun + Dem. P. (ex. แžกแžถแž“โ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹แž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แžกแžถแž“โ€‹ แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แŸ”).
      4. Superlative Adjectives
        Words like ยซแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸยป ยซแž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸยป take comparison between nouns to the highest degree and are very closely related to comparative adjectives in form.

        1. Possible Uses of Superlative Adjectives
          1. Adj. + แž‡แžถแž„ + แž‚แŸ (ex. แžŸแŸ€แžœแž—แŸ…โ€‹แž“แŸแŸ‡โ€‹โ€‹แž›แŸ’แžขโ€‹แž‡แžถแž„โ€‹แž‚แŸแŸ”).
    7. Nominal Clusters
    8. Classifiers
      1. แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ (rulegroup id=”Classifier_PEOPLE”)
        When stating the number of persons, it is proper to use a classifier after the number of people (ex. แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸโ€‹โ€‹แž–แžธแžšโ€‹แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ”). The classifiers that can be used with แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸ are: แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ – แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜ – แž–แžฝแž€ โ€“ แž‚แžผ
      2. Other Classifiers
        แž€แž‰แŸ’แž…แž”แŸ‹, แž€แžถแž“, แž€แŸแŸ‡, แž€แŸ‚แžœ, แž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›, แž€แŸ’แžšแžปแž˜, แž€แŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžปแž„, แžแŸ’แž“แž„, แž‚แžธแžกแžผ, แž‚แžผ, แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹, แž‚แŸ’แžšแžฟแž„, แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถ, แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แžถแž€แŸ‹, แž…แž„แŸ’แž€แŸ„แž˜, แž…แžถแž“, แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹, แž‡แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ€แžŸ, แž‡แžฝแžš, แžˆแžปแž, แžŠแž„, แžŠแž”, แžŠแžปแŸ†, แžŠแžพแž˜, แžแžฝ, แžแŸ…, แžแŸ’แžšแžŽแŸ„แž, แž’แžปแž„, แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹, แž“แžถแžกแžท, แž“แžนแž˜, แž”แŸ‰แŸ„แž, แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹, แž”แŸ’แžšแžขแž”แŸ‹, แž•แŸ‚แž“, แž•แŸ’แžแžทแž›, แž•แŸ’แž›แžผแž“, แž•แŸ’แž›แŸ‚, แž–แžฝแž€, แž–แŸ‚แž„, แž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹, แž˜แžปแž, แž˜แŸ’แžแžถแž„, แžšแžผแž”, แž›แžธแžแŸ’แžš, แžœแž„แŸ‹, แžœแŸ‚แž€, แžŸแž“แŸ’แž€แžนแž€, แžŸแž“แŸ’แž›แžนแž€, แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹, แžŸแžšแžŸแŸƒ, แžŸแŸ’แž‘แž„, แžŸแŸ’แž“แžทแž, แžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž”แž–แŸ’แžšแžถ, แžŸแŸ’แž›แžนแž€, แž แŸ’แžœแžผแž„, แžกแžผ, แžขแž„แŸ’แž‚
    9. Word Order
  1. Verbal Syntax
    1. Verbal Types
    2. Verbal Stacking for Attribution
    3. Pre-verbal Attribution
    4. Tense/Aspect Auxiliaries
    5. Modal Auxiliaries
    6. Compound Verbs
    7. Attributive Motion Verbs
    8. Specific Verb Usage
      1. Usage of แž…แž„แŸ‹
        When แž…แž„แŸ‹ is used with a noun (rule), the correct form is แž…แž„แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“ + Noun (ex. แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†โ€‹โ€‹แž…แž„แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แžกแžถแž“โ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แŸ”)
        When แž…แž„แŸ‹ is used with a verb (rule), it should be used by itself (ex. แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†โ€‹โ€‹แž…แž„แŸ‹โ€‹แž‘แŸ…แŸ”)
      2. Usage of แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถ and แž‡แžถ to modify a Noun, Proper Noun, or Pronoun
        When แž‚แžบแž‡แžถ or แž‡แžถ is used with a Noun, Proper Noun, or Pronoun, it gives additional information about that Noun, Proper Noun, or Pronoun, such as what they do for a job (ex. แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž‚แžบแž‡แžถโ€‹แž–แŸแž‘แŸ’แž™แŸ”). It is incorrect, in this usage, to use แž‚แžบ by itself – the form must be แž‚แžบโ€‹แž‡แžถ or แž‡แžถ.
  2. Adverbial Syntax
    1. Adverbial Markers (แž‡แžถ – แžŠแŸ„แž™ – แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„ – แžŠแŸ)
      1. แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„ (rule name=”แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„ as Adverb Marker”)
        The most common adverbial marker (ex. แž“แžถแž„โ€‹แž”แžถแž“โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžšแž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžขแžผแž“โ€‹แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„โ€‹แž‘แž“แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž›แž“แŸ‹)
      2. แžŠแŸ„แž™ and แžŠแŸ
        While it is possible to useแžŠแŸ„แž™ as an adverbial marker it is not as common as แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„ (ex. แž“แžถแž„โ€‹แž”แžถแž“ แž”แŸ’แžšแž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แžŠแŸ„แž™โ€‹แž‘แž“แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž›แž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžขแžผแž“). แžŠแŸ is even less common, though perhaps in poetry it might appear (ex. แž“แžถแž„โ€‹แž”แžถแž“ แž”แŸ’แžšแž›แŸ‚แž„โ€‹แžŠแŸโ€‹แž‘แž“แŸ‹แž—แŸ’แž›แž“แŸ‹โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž”แŸ’แžขแžผแž“)
      3. แž‡แžถ
        Used only in certain cases, normally having to do with frequency, quantity, quality or degree (ex. แž˜แžถแž“โ€‹แž—แŸ’แž‰แŸ€แžœโ€‹แž˜แž€โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“). It often functions as an adverbial phrase (almost as if we said in English โ€œIt is urgent that you comeโ€ โ€œแžŸแžผแž˜โ€‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€โ€‹แž˜แž€โ€‹แž‡แžถโ€‹แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹โ€. Here is a list of some adverbial combinations using แž‡แžถ:
        แž‡แžถแž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹ – แž‡แžถแžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž… – แž‡แžถแž€แŸ†แž แžทแž – แž‡แžถโ€‹แž“แžทแž…แŸ’แž…แž€แžถแž› – แž‡แžถโ€‹แžŠแžšแžถแž” – แž‡แžถแž‰แžนแž€แž‰แžถแž”แŸ‹ – แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž™แŸ— – แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž–แžทแžแžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹ – แž‡แžถแž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถ – แž‡แžถแžšแŸ€แž„แžšแž แžผแž
      4. แžฒแŸ’แž™
        Used literally as โ€œdo this so as to make it…โ€ (ex. แžŸแžผแž˜โ€‹แžขแžถแž“โ€‹แžฒแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹ and แž‚แŸโ€‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพโ€‹แžฒแŸ’แž™โ€‹แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹).
    2. Ordinary Adverbs
    3. Compound Adverbs
  3. Particle Syntax
    1. Negative Particles
      1. Normal Negative Particle Position
        Negative particles (แž˜แžทแž“ – แžขแžแŸ‹) are normally placed before (rule) verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs (ex. แžกแžถแž“โ€‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡โ€‹แž˜แžทแž“โ€‹แžแŸ€แžœโ€‹แž‘แŸแŸ”).
    2. Verb Related Particles
    3. Noun Related Particles
    4. Response Particles
    5. Medial Particles (แž€แŸ – แž“แžผแžœ)
    6. Final Particles
  4. Clausal Syntax
    1. Nominal Clauses
    2. Clauses Joined by Conjunctions
      1. แž“แžทแž„ and แž แžพแž™แž“แžทแž„ (rule id=”แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„”)
        Often แž“แžทแž„ and แž“แžนแž„ are confused, but they are actually different. แž“แžทแž„ (or แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„ depending on writing style) is a coordinating conjunction (often translated as โ€œandโ€) while แž“แžนแž„ is a particle that has many uses, one of which is to cause a verb to be future in aspect (ex. แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹โ€‹แž“แžนแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ…).

        1. แž“แžทแž„ Between Two Nouns (rule)
          Most of the time it is more proper to only use แž“แžทแž„ when it links two nouns together (ex. แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†โ€‹แž‘แžทแž‰โ€‹แž•แŸ’แž‘แŸ‡โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แžกแžถแž“แŸ”)
        2. แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„ or แž แžพแž™ Between Two Verbs (rule)
          When linking two verbs, it is often more proper to useโ€‹ แž แžพแž™แž“แžทแž„ or แž แžพแž™ but not แž“แžทแž„ by itself (ex. แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แžŸแžถแž›แžถโ€‹แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ…โ€‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแžถแžšแŸ”)
        3. แžฌ
          This conjunction is often translated as โ€œorโ€. When it joins two phrases it is often proper to have a space on either side (ex. แžˆแžบโ€‹แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžฌโ€‹ แžšแž„แž‘แžปแž€แŸ’แžโ€‹แž›แŸ†แž”แžถแž€).
    3. Clauses Joined by Clause Relators
    4. Clauses Joined by Prepositions
  5. Various Spelling Issues
    In Khmer there are multiple spellings for many words, but while that inherently is not a problem, it can cause inconsistencies in published works (especially with more than one author, or translator) which is undesirable. This section seeks to list words with multiple spellings and give the more popular spelling as determined by a Google search, as well as give a list of known homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings).

    1. Words with Multiple Spellings
      There are many words in Khmer that can be spelled multiple ways. This is a list of those words with the most popular spelling in Google search results shown by an asterisk (*)

      1. แžฒแŸ’แž™ * = แžฑแŸ’แž™ = แžขแŸ„แž™
      2. แž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹* = แž€แŸ†แž–แžŸแŸ‹
      3. แž€แž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž‰แŸ‹ = แž€แŸ†แžŽแžถแž‰แŸ‹*
      4. แž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„* = แž€แŸ†แž›แžถแŸ†แž„
      5. แž˜แž€แžปแžŠ = แž˜แž„แŸ’แž€แžปแžŠ = แž˜แŸ’แž€แžปแžŠ*
      6. แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ‹ = แž…แŸƒแžŠแž“แŸ’แž™*
      7. แž‹แžทแžแžท = แžŸแŸ’แžแžทแžแžท*
      8. แžแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸƒ = แžแŸ†แž›แŸƒ*
      9. แž–แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžŸแžถแžŸแŸ’แž“แžถโ€‹ = แž–แžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžŸแžถแžŸแž“แžถ*
      10. แž‘แŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹ =โ€‹โ€‹ แž‘แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹*
      11. แž‡แŸ†แž–แžผแž€* = แž…แŸ†แž–แžผแž€
      12. แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž“แžŸแžฝแž‚แŸŒ = แž‹แžถแž“แžŸแžฝแž‚แŸŒ*
      13. แžแŸ†แžšแž„แŸ‹ = แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹*
      14. แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹* = แžŸแŸ†แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹
      15. แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„ = แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„* = แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸแž„
      16. แžŸแŸ’แžšแžกแžถแž‰แŸ‹* = แžŸแŸ’แžšแž›แžถแž‰แŸ‹
      17. แž…แž˜แŸ’แž›แžพแž™*โ€‹ = แž…แŸ†แž›แžพแž™
    2. Homophones
      These are words that sound the same, but have different meanings (or are misspellings).

      1. แž แžพแž™แž“แžนแž„ should be แž แžพแž™แž“แžทแž„ (rule id=”แž แžพแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„”)
      2. แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜โ€‹แž˜แžปแžโ€‹แž“แžทแž„ should be แž”แŸ’แžšแžˆแž˜แž˜แžปแžแž“แžนแž„
      3. แž€แžถแž›แŸ‹โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž˜แžปแž“ should be แž€แžถแž›โ€‹แž–แžธโ€‹แž˜แžปแž“
      4. แž…แžถแž” แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹ แž†แžถแž” แž†แžถแž”แŸ‹
      5. แž›แžพแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ… should be แžกแžพแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ… (rule id=”แž›แžพแž„โ€‹แž‘แŸ…”)
      6. แž‡แžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„ should be แž‡แžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžนแž„ (rule id=”แž‡แžถโ€‹แž˜แžฝแž™โ€‹แž“แžทแž„”)
      7. แž–แžธแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€ should be แž–แžธแžšแž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ (unless preceeded by แž˜แž€ – แž“แžทแž„ – แžšแžŸแŸ‹ – rule)
      8. แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€ should be แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžšแž“แžถแž€แŸ‹ (rule id=”แž˜แž€แž–แžธแžšแžขแŸ’แž“แž€”)
      9. แž…แŸ†แž–แžฝแž€ vs. แž‡แŸ†แž–แžผแž€ if NUM + แž‡แŸ†แž–แžผแž€ or แž‡แŸ†แž–แžผแž€ + NUM or แž‘แžธ

24 Comments. Leave new

  • แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ
    May 10, 2011 7:01 am

    That’s nice, but how about our rules for spelling?

    Reply
    • Hello แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ,
      I’m not sure if I totally understand – do you mean why Khmer words are spelled the way they are (their origin?)? If so, that is a little outside the scope of this study. If you are referring to the issue of multiple spellings (like แžŸแŸ†แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ vs. แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹) we are currently working on creating a list based on Chuon Nath’s dictionary of what spelling should be used (not which spelling is right, but which spelling to use for consistency in a publication). If you would like to be involved, please let us know – sungkhum at gmail.
      Thanks!

      Reply
  • แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ
    May 11, 2011 6:58 am

    Yes, consistency, when to use what letters, etc. You know spelling and grammar go hand-in-hand.

    Reply
  • แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ
    May 11, 2011 7:04 am

    Rules like แžŽ VS. แž“, แž› VS. แžก, when vowels like แŸ€ should be used, when clusters should be used, the list goes on and on.

    Reply
    • Currently we have had some difficulty finding sources for rules like that – if you are interested we would love to get a list with a short explanation of each rule from you to include, and perhaps it will even help with future work on the Khmer Grammar checker. Thanks!

      Reply
      • แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ
        May 16, 2011 12:48 am

        I’ve ben having some difficuty finding that myself. If I come acrposs something. I’ll let you guys know.

        Reply
  • แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ
    July 1, 2011 1:15 am

    This is not as organized and accessible, or as intelligible as your guys, but perhaps you can add to your grammar guide from this. http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/grammar_note/grammar_set.htm

    Reply
    • Thanks แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ – We hadn’t seen that page before, it is always good to find more resources! Thanks again!

      Reply
  • แžŸแžปแž„ แžœแžŽแŸ’แžŽแžถ
    July 15, 2011 4:45 pm

    Oh no problem.

    Reply
  • Hello all,
    I would like to suggest that the spellings be based on the spellings in Chuon Nath-based dictionary and to make sure not to just follow the myth of spellings. Let me raise some points in Khmer as follow:
    แžŸแžผแž˜แžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžš “แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„” แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“ แžŸแŸ†แž›แŸแž„ แžฌ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸแž„ แž‘แŸ แž แžพแž™ “แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ” แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“ แž‡แž˜แŸ’แž„แžบ แž‘แŸแŸ” แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž›แžพแž€แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แžกแžพแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™แž แŸแžแžปแžแžถ แž˜แžถแž“แž”แž„แž”แŸ’แžขแžผแž“แž˜แžฝแž™แž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แžขแŸ‡แžขแžถแž„แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžแžปแžŸแžแžถแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แž€แŸ†แž–แžปแž„แžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžš แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแžแžแžถแž˜ แž›แž€แŸ’แžแžŽแŸˆแž“แŸƒแž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแž…แž“แžถแž“แžปแž€แŸ’แžšแž˜แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžŠแŸแž…แžŸแž„แŸ’แžƒแž‡แžผแž“ แžŽแžถแž แžแžถแž˜แž–แžทแžแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แž‘แŸ แž‚แžบแž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž™แž›แŸ‹แžแžปแžŸแž‘แŸแŸ” แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แžฒแŸ’แž™แžแŸ‚แžแžถแž˜แž€แžถแžšแžšแžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžšแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแž…แž“แžถแž“แžปแž€แŸ’แžšแž˜แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžŠแŸแž…แžŸแž„แŸ’แžƒแž‡แžผแž“แžŽแžถแž แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžแŸ‚แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแžแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸ แž‚แžบแžœแžถแž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžผแž›แž แŸแžแžปแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แžœแžถแŸ” แžŸแžผแž˜แž–แžทแž“แžทแžแŸ’แž™แž˜แžพแž›แž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžกแžพแž„แžœแžทแž‰ (แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹)แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“ แž”แžพแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžŠแžพแž˜แž‡แžถแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž แž‘แžพแž”แž–แŸแž›แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžšแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแžแžŠแŸ‚แžš
    แžง. แž€แž˜แŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžš แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แžŠแžพแžš แž‡แŸ†แž„แžบ แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แžˆแžบ แŸ” แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžš แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แž˜แž€แž–แžธ แžŠแžพแžš + แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹แž‡แŸ‚แž€ [ แžขแž˜แž“ ]แŸ”

    แž…แŸ†แžŽแŸ‚แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แž‘แŸแžŸ แž‚แžฝแžแŸ‚แž€แžปแŸ†แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž™แžถแž˜แž”แž€แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžŽแžถแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž‚แžฝแžšแž”แž€ แžŠแžผแž…แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ Website แž˜แžทแž“แž‚แžฝแžšแž”แž€แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž‘แŸ แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžšแžแžถแž˜แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„แžŠแŸ„แž™ แž•แŸ’แžขแŸ‚แž€แžแžถแž˜ English IPA แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸแž™แžแžถแž‚แžฝแžšแžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžš แžœแŸ‰แžทแž”แžŸแŸƒแžแŸ /หˆweb.saษชt/ (e=แžขแžท) แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“ แžœแŸ‚แž”แžŸแžถแž™ แžœแŸ‰แŸ‚แž”แžŸแŸƒ แžฌ แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แžกแžพแž™แŸ” แž€แžถแžšแžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžšแžแžปแžŸแŸ—แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแž˜แž€แž–แžธแž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แŸ—แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ—แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ แžŠแžผแž…แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž™แž€ IPA แž‡แžถแž‚แŸ„แž›แž‘แžพแž”แž”แžถแž“แŸ” แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž‡แžถแž˜แžแžทแž•แŸ’แž‘แžถแž›แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž”แŸ‰แžปแžŽแŸ’แžŽแŸ„แŸ‡แŸ”

    Sorry if any of you here cannot read Khmer but I just target those Khmer intellectuals to consider this critical.

    Reply
    • Thank you for your input Piseth. As of right now the grammar checker does follow Chuon Nath as closely as possible. There are some instances where Chuon Nath was not clear, and so we had to make the decision based on other sources. You raise an interesting idea regarding new terms, such as แžœแŸ‰แžทแž”แžŸแŸƒแžแŸ vs. แžœแŸ‚แž”แžŸแžถแž™ etc. – we have not yet implemented any coherency checking with new words but this would be a great feature for the future.
      The more input we have the better the grammar checker will be – so please don’t hesitate to give your input!
      Thank you,
      Nathan Wells
      for sbbic.org

      Reply
    • แž†แžœแžธ
      August 23, 2014 1:12 am

      แž…แžปแŸ‡แž€แžšแžŽแžธแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™ แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž–แžธแŸขแžกแžพแž„แž‘แŸ… แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แž˜แŸ‰แŸแž…แžŠแŸ‚แžš? แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ “แžŠแžพแžš” แžแžถแž˜แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž˜แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แžแžถ แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžš แž”แžŽแŸ’แžŠแžพแžš แžแŸ’แž˜แžพแžš…
      “แž€แžพแž” แž˜แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แžแžถ แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž แž€แŸ†แžŽแžพแž แžแŸ’แž“แžพแž
      “แž…แžปแŸ‡” แž…แŸ†แžŽแžปแŸ‡ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แžปแŸ‡
      ……
      แž แžพแž™แž…แžปแŸ‡ แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž™แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ “แžŸแŸ’แž“แžพแžš, แžˆแžš, แž‘แžถแž”,… ” แž‚แžบแž‡แžถแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžŠแŸ‚แžš? แžแžพแž˜แžถแž“แž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“แž…แŸ†แžŽแžถแŸ†แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถ?

      Reply
      • แžšแŸ†แžŠแžฝแž›
        March 28, 2018 5:06 pm

        แžแžถแž˜แž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“แž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€ (แž˜แžทแž“แžŠแžนแž„แž€แžพแžแž–แžธแžŸแž˜แŸแž™แžŽแžถ) แž˜แžถแž“แž‚แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแžแžšแžœแžถแž„ แž—แžถแžŸแžถแž“แžทแž™แžถแž™ แž“แžทแž„โ€‹ แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžšแŸ” แžŠแžผแž… แž”แž“แŸ’แž‘แž”แŸ‹ แžแžถแž˜แž—แžถแžŸแžถแž“แžทแž™แžถแž™ แž‚แžบ แž”แŸ‰แž‘แž”แŸ‹ แŸ”โ€‹ แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžœแžทแž‘แžผแž”แžถแž“แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแŸ€แž”แž‡แžถแž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžแŸ’แž›แŸ‡แž แŸ…แžแžถ แž•แŸ’แž“แžแŸ‹ แŸ” แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แžšแŸ€แž”แž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€ แžแŸ‚แž˜แžทแž“แžŸแŸ’แž‚แžถแž›แŸ‹แžˆแŸ’แž˜แŸ„แŸ‡แžœแžทแž’แžถแž“แž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แžš แŸ” แžŸแŸ†แžแžถแž“แŸ‹ แž‚แžบแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž‡แžถแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžšแžถแž™แŸ” แžŠแŸ„แž™แžŸแžถแžšแž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ†แž“แŸ„แžšแž˜แžฝแž™แž™แž€ แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ‡แžขแŸ†แž˜แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ (แžแžถแž˜แž”แžถแž›แžธ แžŸแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แž€แŸ’แžšแžนแž แž‚แžบ แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸ‡แžขแžถแŸ†แž„) แž‘แžพแž”แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž“แžทแž™แž˜แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžšแžถแž™ แŸ” แžงแž‘แžถแž แžšแžŽแŸ แžŠแŸ†แžŽแžพแžš (แžŠแž˜แŸ’แžŽแžพแžš แžŠแž˜แŸ’แž“แžพแžš) แžŸแŸ†แžกแŸแž„ แžŸแŸ†แž›แž„ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž›แŸแž„ แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แžœแžทแž’แžถแž“แž“แŸแŸ‡แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž…แŸ’แžšแž›แžผแž€แž…แŸ’แžšแž›แŸ†แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž„แž’แž˜แŸ’แž˜แžแžถแžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹แž—แžถแžŸแžถแž–แžธแžŸแž˜แŸแž™แžŠแžพแž˜ แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“ แžŸแžถแž›แžถแžšแŸ€แž“แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แŸ„แž”แžถแž™แž”แŸ„แŸ‡แž–แžปแž˜แŸ’แž– แž€แžถแžšแžขแžถแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžแžทแž…แžแžฝแž… แž แžพแž™แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแžŸแŸ’แž˜แžผแžแŸ’แžš แž˜แžทแž“แž˜แŸ‚แž“แžขแŸ†แžŽแžถแž“โ€‹(แžขแŸ†แž“แžถแž“ แžขแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž“)แŸ” แž แŸแžแžปแž“แŸแŸ‡ แž€แžผแž“แžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžšแž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžถแžŸแž“แžถแžšแŸ€แž“แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžแŸ‚แž€แŸ’แž›แžถแž แžถแž“ แž”แž‰แŸ’แž…แŸแž‰แž˜แžแžท แž™แŸ„แž”แž›แŸ‹ แžŠแŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž˜แžทแž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž›แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡ แžŠแžพแž˜แŸ’แž”แžธแžฒแŸ’แž™(แžขแŸ„แž™)แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžš แž˜แžถแž“ แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แžŸแŸ’แžšแžถแž™แž“แŸแž™แž˜แžทแž“แž…แŸ’แžšแž”แžผแž€แž…แŸ’แžšแž”แž›แŸ‹ แžƒแŸ’แž›แŸ„แž„แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแž„แžถแž™แž™แž›แŸ‹ แžขแžถแž…แžœแžทแžœแžŒแŸ’แžแž‘แŸ…แžŠแŸ„แž™แžšแž›แžผแž“แŸ”

        Reply
  • Hi,
    I just want to say that many khmer word in this page are missed spell and it’s hard to understand. Imagine that I am khmer find it hard to read, how about the other nation who want to improve their khmer?

    Reply
    • Hello Laila,
      Thank you for your interest in helping. Would you be kind enough to point out which words you believe to be misspelled?

      Thank you,
      Nathan Wells
      for sbbic.org

      Reply
  • @Piseth. I would have to disagree about using the IPA spelling as a basis for spelling technical words in Khmer. The reasons are that 1) each words does not have one and only one IPA spelling. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) spellings are derived from the pronunciation of words by actual speakers. For example, the word “car” would have at least two different IPA pronunciations and spellings: British English and American English. 2) Khmer spellings equivalent to English sounds is not very good. The reverse is true for English. In many cases, แžขแžท does not equal the IPA “e”, e.g. แžขแžทแž“. This would be roughly equivalent to “in”, but in Khmer it is pronounced “un”. So, what is the solution? I think the better solution would be to integrate true Khmer words to signify these technical terms. I have a document that lists many computer terms that have done exactly this. I love it. Khmer is a rich language and can carry its own words. I know that still doesn’t solve the problems of every technical word :-). However, with all that, we can’t make the standards. It takes much time and consensus.

    Reply
    • That is why it has to be seen if it’s in complementary distribution or not it seems as if there aren’t real linguist working on this project also it doesn’t look like anyone is research actual field linguists who have worked on the grammar sketch the phonology sketch of the language why is such an obvious thing not done?

      Reply
  • this is for you..

    Reply
  • แž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“แž“แŸแŸ‡แž‚แžฝแžšแžฑแž™แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแžถแžšแž˜แŸ’แž˜แžŽแŸแžŽแžถแžŸแŸ‹แŸ”
    แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹แž›แŸแž2แž’แŸ† แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜
    แž˜แžถแž“แž›แŸแžแŸกแžŠแž›แŸ‹แŸงแžŠแŸ‚แž›แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžŸแŸแž…แž€แŸ’แžแžธแŸ”

    แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹ (แž แžพแž™แž“แžนแž„) แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‘แžปแž€แŸ”

    Khmer spelling rules remains big problem.
    แž”แŸ’แžšแž€แž” แŸ—แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž–แžถแž€แŸ‹แž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’แž“แžนแž„แž€แžถแžšแžŠแž€แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แŸ”
    (แžแžปแžŸ) แž—แžผแž˜แžทแžœแžทแž แžถแžšแžฅแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜ => แž—แžผแž˜แžทแžœแžทแž แžถแžšแžทแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜
    (แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ) แž—แžผแž˜แžท แžœแžทแž แžถแžš แžฅแžŸแŸ’แž›แžถแž˜
    แž แŸแžแžปแžแŸ‚
    แžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšแžšแž„แž“แžผแžœแžฅแž‘แŸ’แž’แžทแž–แž›แž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“ แž€แŸ’แž”แžฝแž“แž€แŸแž…แŸ’แžšแžพแž“แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”
    แž”แžพแž‚แŸแž˜แžถแž“ แž™แžพแž„แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“
    A แžข
    a แŸˆ
    E แžฅ
    e แžท
    I แžฆ
    i แžธ
    O แžง
    o แžป
    U แžจ
    u แŸŠแžปแŸŠแžป

    แž•แŸ’แž‘แžปแž™แž˜แž€แžœแžทแž‰
    แž”แžพแž™แžพแž„แž˜แžถแž“ แž‚แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž˜แžถแž“
    แžขแžถ AA
    แžถ aa
    แŸˆ + แŸˆ = แžถ
    แžœแž…แž“แŸˆ+ แžขแž“แžปแž€แŸ’แžšแž˜ =แžœแž…แž“แžถแž“แžปแž€แŸ’แžšแž˜

    แž”แžพแž‚แŸแž˜แžถแž“CapsLock แž™แžพแž„แž€แŸแžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแžŸแŸ†แžšแžฝแž›แž˜แžแžทแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“ (Limon) R1 & S1 แž…แžถแŸ†แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸแž…แŸ”
    แž”แžพแž‚แŸแž˜แžถแž“Shift แž™แžพแž„แž‚แžฝแžšแžšแŸ€แž”แž“แžผแžœแž‡แžพแž„แž–แŸ’แž™แž‰แŸ’แž‡แž“แŸˆแŸ”แž›แŸ”

    แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚
    แž–แŸ’แž™แžถแž„แŸ’แž‚แžšแžถแž™แž‡แžถแž‡แŸ†แžšแžพแžŸแž›แŸ’แžขแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแŸ”
    แž˜แž€แžปแžŠ แžŸแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž„ แžŸแž˜แžแŸแž‡แŸˆแŸ”
    แž˜แŸ’แž€แžปแžŠ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžแŸ‚แž„ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžแŸแž…แŸ”

    แž…แŸ†แž–แŸ„แŸ‡แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸˆ
    แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸˆแž–แŸแž‰แžแžฝ แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„ แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸˆแž˜แžทแž“แž–แŸแž‰แžแžฝ(แžŸแŸ’แžšแŸˆแž“แžทแžŸแŸ’แžŸแŸแž™)
    แžฅแžแž…แžถแž™ แžขแžทแžแž…แžถแž™
    แžฏแžแž…แžถแž™ แžขแŸแžแž…แžถแž™
    แžฑแž™ แžขแŸ„แž™ แžฑแŸ’แž™ แžฒ

    (Website)
    แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบ web+site
    Web (แž“แŸแž™แžแŸ’แžšแž„แŸ‹)แžŸแŸ’แž”แŸƒแžŸแŸ†แž”แžปแž€แž–แžธแž„แž–แžถแž„
    (แž“แŸแž™แž’แŸ€แž”)แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’
    Site แž‘แžธ แž‹แžถแž“ (แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“) แž€แž“แŸ’แž›แŸ‚แž„
    =>website แž‹แžถแž“แž”แŸ’แžšแž–แŸแž“แŸ’แž’
    แžแŸ‚แžแžถ แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚ แž˜แžถแž“ แž€แžถแžšแž“แžทแž™แž˜ แžแžปแžŸแž‚แŸ’แž“แžถแŸ”
    แžแžถแž˜IPA แžœแŸแž”แžŸแžถแž™ แž€แŸแž˜แŸ’แž™แžถแŸ‰แŸ‰แž„แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”

    Reply
  • Is there a chance that you could include grammar for past perfect hypothetical/conditional khmer sentences?
    I would like to know how to say things like “I would have if I could have,” “Would you have started to study Cambodian if you had known that there were no advanced classes at your university?,” or, of course, the many ways that the verb “make (as in forced someone to) is used in English. Some examples of “make” usage are “She made me go to the store,” “If I had known he would make me study law I never would have gone to that school,” or “My mother made me change the channel.” I am very interested to find this sort of thing out because I have never seen it explained anywhere.

    Thank you for the wonderful site!

    Reply
    • แžšแŸ†แžŠแžฝแž›
      March 28, 2018 4:50 pm

      แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž€แžถแžšแž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžขแžŸแŸ‹แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž€แžถแžšแžˆแžบแž€แŸ’แž”แžถแž›แž˜แžถแž“แžšแžถแž›แŸ‹แž›แžพแž€ แž”แžพแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž€แžถแžแŸ‹แžŸแžถแž‰แŸ” แž‡แžถแž‘แžผแž‘แŸ… แž‚แŸแž’แŸ’แž›แžถแž”แŸ‹แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž‡แŸ†แž“แžฝแž™ แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถ แž‚แž„แŸ‹ แžŸแž˜ แžขแžถแž… แž‚แžฝแžš แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœ แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แžงแž‘แžถแž แžšแžŽแŸ (แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž‚แŸ’แžšแžถแž“แŸ‹แžแŸ‚แž‡แžถแž€แžถแžšแž…แž„แŸ’แžขแžปแž›แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰ แž˜แžทแž“แž‘แžถแž˜แž‘แžถแžšแžแžถแžŸแž˜ แžฌ แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜แžแŸ’แžšแžผแžœแž‘แŸ) I would have if I could have แžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž‡แžถ แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž‚แžฝแžšแžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“(แž”แžถแž“?) แž”แžพแžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แžขแžถแž…แž˜แžถแž“แŸ” Would you have started to study Cambodian if you had known that there were no advanced classes at your university? แžแžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžขแžถแž…แž…แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžแžพแž˜แžŸแžทแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถ แžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžš แž‘แŸ แž”แžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž”แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž„แžแžถแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แž„แžŸแž€แž›แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถแž›แŸแž™แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‘แŸ? She made me go to the store แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹(แž”แžถแž“)แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž‘แŸ…แž แžถแž„แž“แŸ„แŸ‡ If I had known he would make me study law I never would have gone to that school แž”แžพแžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†(แž”แžถแž“)แžŠแžนแž„แžแžถ แž‚แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แžถแž›แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžขแžถแž…แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž‘แŸ…แžšแŸ€แž“แž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹ แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž€แŸแž˜แžปแžแž‡แžถแž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“แž‘แŸ…แžŸแžถแž›แžถแž“แŸ„แŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ” แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แžบแž˜แžถแž“แž”แŸ†แžŽแž„แžขแŸ„แž™แž˜แžถแž“แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŽแžถแž˜แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แŸ‹แž‘แžพแžŸแž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แž แžพแž™แž€แŸ‚ แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž€แŸแž…แž„แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž”แž€แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚แž˜แžฝแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž›แŸ’แžขแž‡แžถแž„แžแŸ’แž‰แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž˜แžแžทแž“แŸแŸ‡แžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ”

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  • แžšแŸ†แžŠแžฝแž›
    March 28, 2018 4:35 pm

    แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž™แž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แž˜แžแžทแž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹ แžŸแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž“แŸแž™ แž“แžทแž„ แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž™แžขแŸ’แžœแžธ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‘แžถแŸ†แž„แžขแžŸแŸ‹แž…แž„แŸ‹แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžกแžพแž„แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžš (แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžšแž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžกแžพแž„)แŸ” แžŠแžผแž…แžƒแŸ’แž›แžถแžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž”แž„แŸ’แž แžถแž‰แž“แžทแž“แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แžถแžšแŸข แž˜แžฝแž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™ แž…แž„แŸ‹แž”แžถแž“แž€แž“แŸ’แžŸแŸ„แž˜แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แž”แŸ†แž”แŸ‚แž€แž˜แžทแž“แž”แžถแž“ แžแŸ‚แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž…แžถแžŸแŸ‹แž”แž“แŸ’แžแžทแž… แžŸแŸ’แžŠแžถแž”แŸ‹แž‘แŸ…แžšแžถแž„แž†แŸ’แž‚แž„ แžแŸ‚แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ แž˜แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ€แž แž‚แžบแž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™ + แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜แž”แž‘ + แž‚แžปแžŽแž”แž‘ + แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž›แžพแž€ แžฌ แžŠแžถแž€แŸ‹แž“แŸแž™แŸ” แžแžถแž˜แžœแžทแž’แžธแž”แžปแžšแžถแžŽ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž€แžถแžšแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธแž˜แžถแž“แžงแž”แžŸแž‚แŸ’แž‚ แž–แŸ’แžšแŸ„แŸ‡ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž”แŸ’แžšแžŸแžพแžšแžกแžพแž„ แž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž‡แžถแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แžแŸ‚แž€แŸแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แžœแžทแž’แžถแž“แžขแŸ’แžœแžธแžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แžŠแž›แŸ‹แž€แžผแž“แžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžšแž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ แžŠแŸ‚แž›โ€‹ แŸก-แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž แžพแž™ แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž€แžพแžแžฌแž‘แŸ แŸข-แž”แžพแž˜แžทแž“แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž แžแžพแžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŽแžถแž˜แžถแž“แžแžฝแž“แžถแž‘แžธแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแž (แž”แžพแž€แžผแž“แžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžšแž˜แžทแž“แžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แžŽแžถแž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแžขแŸ„แž™)แŸ” แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แŸกแž‡แžธแžœแžทแžแžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ† แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แžšแŸ€แž“แž”แžถแž“แž—แžถแžŸแžถแž”แžšแž‘แŸแžŸแž…แŸ†แž“แžฝแž“แŸฃ แž˜แžถแž“แž€แž˜แŸ’แžšแžทแžแž™แž›แŸ‹แžŠแžนแž„แž˜แž’แŸ’แž™แž˜ แžแŸ‚แžขแžถแž…แžขแžถแž“แžŸแŸ’แžšแžฝแž›แž‡แžถแž„แžขแžถแž“แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžแŸ’แž›แžฝแž“แžฏแž„ แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž‡แžถแžšแžฟแž„แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แžแžผแž…แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแž”แŸ†แž•แžปแžแŸ” แžแŸ’แž‰แžปแŸ†แž™แž›แŸ‹แžแžถ แžขแŸ’แž“แž€แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžแžทแž€แŸแž…แŸแŸ‡แžแŸ‚แž˜แžถแž“แž‘แŸ… แžแŸ‚แž”แžพแž˜แžทแž“แž˜แžถแž“แž€แž˜แŸ’แž›แžถแŸ†แž„แž…แž›แž€แžšแž˜แžฝแž™แž‡แžฝแž™แž‘แŸ (แžŸแŸ’แžแžถแž”แŸแž“ แž’แž“แž’แžถแž“แž˜แž“แžปแžŸแŸ’แž™ แž‚แŸ„แž›แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸ แž’แž“แž’แžถแž“แž แžทแžšแž‰แŸ’แž‰แžœแžแŸ’แžแžป แž˜แžผแž›แžŠแŸ’แž‹แžถแž“แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แŸแž€แžœแžทแž‘แŸ’แž™แžถ แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜) แž“แŸ„แŸ‡แž”แž‰แŸ’แž แžถแž“แŸแŸ‡แž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แžแŸ’แžšแžนแž˜ แž”แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž“แžทแž™แžถแž™ แžแž€แž…แžทแžแŸ’แžแž“แŸ…แžแŸ‚แžแž€แž…แžทแžแŸ’แž แŸ” แžงแž‘แžถแž แžšแžŽแŸ แž˜แžถแž“แž˜แžแžทแžแžถ แžฌ แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแžแŸ‚แŸกแž‚แžแŸ‹ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹แž“แŸแž™แžŠแŸ‚แž›แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž—แžถแžŸแžถแž‚แžŽแžทแžแžแžถ OR แž แŸแžแžปแžขแŸ’แžœแžธแž…แžถแŸ†แž”แžถแž…แŸ‹แž˜แžถแž“แžแžฝแžขแž€แŸ’แžŸแžšแž˜แžฝแž™แžแŸ‚แžฏแž„ แž˜แŸ‰แŸ’แžŠแŸแž…แž€แŸแž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžš แžšแžบ แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แž‘แŸ…? แž–แŸ’แž’ (แžขแžถแž“แžแžถแžขแŸƒ) แž˜แžถแž“แžแŸ‚แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แž˜แžฝแž™แž˜แŸ‰แžถแžแŸ‹แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸแž™แžแžถแž“แŸ…แžแŸ’แž–แžŸแŸ‹ แž“แŸ…แž†แŸ’แž„แžถแž™ แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถ แž–แŸ’แž’แžŠแŸแžขแžถแž€แžถแžŸ แž˜แŸ‰แŸ’แžŠแŸแž…แž”แžถแž“แž‡แžถแž˜แžทแž“แžŸแžšแžŸแŸแžš แžขแŸƒ แž‘แŸ…แžœแžทแž‰แŸ” แž”แŸ‰แžปแž“แŸ’แžแŸ‚ แž™แŸ‰แžถแž„แžŽแžถแž€แŸ’แžŠแžธ แžŸแžผแž˜แžšแž€แŸ’แžŸแžถแž‚แŸ„แž›แž€แžถแžšแžŽแŸแž•แŸ’แž›แžผแžœแž…แŸ’แž”แžถแž”แŸ‹แž‡แžถแž’แŸ† แžฏแž€แžถแžšแž€แŸ‚แž”แŸ’แžšแŸ‚ แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถแžขแž€แŸ’แžแžšแžถแžœแžทแžšแžปแž‘แŸ’แž’แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜ แž‚แžฝแž˜แžถแž“แž€แžถแžšแž™แŸ„แž„แžขแŸ„แž™(แžฒแŸ’แž™) แž”แžถแž“แžŠแžนแž„แž•แž„แŸ” แžŸแž„แŸ’แžƒแžนแž˜แž€แŸ’แž˜แŸแž„แž‡แŸ†แž“แžถแž“แŸ‹แž€แŸ’แžšแŸ„แž™แž“แžนแž„แž‘แž‘แžฝแž›แž”แžถแž“ แžฌ แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž”แžถแž“แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แžแŸ’แž˜แžธ แžŸแž˜แŸ’แžšแžถแž”แŸ‹ แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แž—แžถแžŸแžถแžแŸ’แž˜แŸ‚แžšแž‘แŸ†แž“แžพแž”แž‘แžถแž“แŸ‹แž‚แŸแžŠแŸ‚แžšแŸ” แž”แž…แŸ’แž…แžปแž”แŸ’แž”แž“แŸ’แž“แž˜แžถแž“แž“แžทแž“แŸ’แž“แžถแž€แžถแžšแŸกแž‘แŸ€แž แž‚แžบ แž€แžถแžšแž…แŸ€แžŸแžœแžถแž„แž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™ แžŠแŸ‚แž› แž“แžนแž„ แžˆแŸ’แž“แžถแž”แŸ‹แž•แŸ’แžŸแŸแž„แŸ— แžŠแžผแž…แž‡แžถ แžšแž”แžŸแŸ‹ แž“แŸƒ แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜ แž“แžทแž„แž€แžถแžšแž™แž€แž–แžถแž€แŸ’แž™แŸกแž”แŸ’แžšแžพแž‡แžถ แž“แžถแž˜ แž‚แžปแžŽแž“แžถแž˜ แž€แžทแžšแžทแž™แžถแžŸแŸแž–แŸ’แž’ แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜แŸ” แžงแž‘แžถแž แžšแžŽแŸ แžฏแž€แž—แžถแž– แž‘แŸ…แž‡แžถแž€แžทแžšแžทแž™แžถแžŸแŸแž–แŸ’แž‘ แž แžพแž™แž€แŸแžขแžถแž…แž”แž„แŸ’แž€แžพแžแž“แžถแž˜ แž€แžถแžšแžฏแž€แž—แžถแž–(แž‚แŸ’แž“แžถ) แžแžถแž˜แž“แŸแŸ‡ แž‚แŸแžขแžถแž…แž”แŸ’แžšแžพ แžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžŽแž—แžถแž– แž€แŸ’แž“แžปแž„แž“แŸแž™แž’แŸ’แžœแžพแžขแŸ„แž™แžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžŽแŸ(แžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžš แžŸแž˜แŸ’แž”แžผแžš) แž‡แžถแž‡แžถแž„ แžŸแŸ†แž”แžผแžšแžŽแž—แžถแžœแžผแž”แž“แžธแž™แž€แž˜แŸ’แž˜ แž‡แžถแžŠแžพแž˜???

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  • Hi,
    the site is very useful, appreciate if you can point out how the hesitation and interjections of Khmer language express?
    example: express of agreement ==> Em.. Surprise ==> Oh..

    Thanks,

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