Khmer Grammar
A Student’s Guide to Khmer Grammar
A study for the SBBIC Khmer Grammar Checker – A Work in Progress
by
Nathan Wells
With the current lack of a comprehensive Khmer Grammar in English we have begun the task to create such a work so that students desiring to understand the Khmer language better can have easy access to better understanding of the inner-workings of Khmer.ย This grammar is also designed to coincide with our Khmer Grammar Checker, with rules currently inputted in parenthesis. Any corrections or additions are welcome, just leave them in the comments.
- Nominal Syntax
-
- Number
- Gender
- Definiteness
- Pronouns
- Possessive Pronoun Position (rule)
In order for a pronoun to be used as a possessive pronoun, it must be placed after the object it possesses (ex. แกแถแโแแแแปแ). To be perfectly clear regarding possession, the preposition โแแแแโ or โแแโ (often translated as โofโ) can be used between the object and the pronoun to indicate possession (ex. แกแถแโแแแแโโแแแแปแ).
- Possessive Pronoun Position (rule)
- Numerals
- Adjectives
- Normal Adjective/Noun Order (rule)
For an adjective to modify a noun, it normally follows the noun (ex. แกแถแโแแแแ แ). An exception (rule) to this rule are gender nouns (such as แแแแปแ and แแแแธ). - Specific Uses of Adjectives
- แแนแ as an adjective (rule)
Means โstill, study, fixedโ and when tied with แแแแแ it keeps the same meaning, but at times can look abnormal because it can be linked by the conjunction โแ แพแโ (ex. แแนแโแแแโโโแแแขแถแ แ แพแโแแนแโแแแแแ), but this form is correct.
- แแนแ as an adjective (rule)
- Comparative Adjectives
- Adj + แแถแ
Often used in comparing two different people, places, objects, or actions (ex. แแแแถแโแแแแธโแแแขโแแถแโแแแแถแโแ แถแแแ). An adjective is placed before แแถแ to establish what type of comparison is being used (ex. โbetter thanโ ยซแแแขโแแถแยป โprettier thanโ ยซแแแขแถแโแแถแยป).- Possible Uses of Adj + แแถแ
The word แแถแ is also a noun meaning โskilled workerโ but based on the words used in the context it is used as a comparative adjective. Here are all known possibilities of แแถแ used as an adjective.
Neg. Part. + Verb + Adj. + แแถแ + Verb (ex. แแทแโแแ โแแแขโแแถแโแแ แ).
Verb + Adj. + แแถแ + Neg. Part. + Verb (ex. แแ โแแแขโแแถแโแแทแโแแ แ).
Proper Noun|Pronoun + Adj. + แแถแ + Proper Noun|Pronoun (ex. แแปแแโแแแแ แถโแแถแโแ แแแแ).
Noun + Dem. P. + Adj. + แแถแ + Noun + Dem. P. (ex. แกแถแโแแแโแแแขโแแถแโแกแถแโ แแแแ).
- Possible Uses of Adj + แแถแ
- Adj + แแถแ
- Superlative Adjectives
Words like ยซแแแแแพแโแแถแโแแยป ยซแแแขโแแถแโแแยป take comparison between nouns to the highest degree and are very closely related to comparative adjectives in form.- Possible Uses of Superlative Adjectives
- Adj. + แแถแ + แแ (ex. แแแแแ โแแแโโแแแขโแแถแโแแแ).
- Possible Uses of Superlative Adjectives
- Normal Adjective/Noun Order (rule)
- Nominal Clusters
- Classifiers
- แแแปแแแ (rulegroup id=”Classifier_PEOPLE”)
When stating the number of persons, it is proper to use a classifier after the number of people (ex. แแแปแแแโโแแธแโแแถแแแ). The classifiers that can be used with แแแปแแแ are: แแถแแ – แแแแปแ – แแฝแ โ แแผ - Other Classifiers
แแแแ แแ, แแถแ, แแแ, แแแ, แแแแถแ, แแแแปแ, แแแแแปแ, แแแแ, แแธแกแผ, แแผ, แแแแถแแ, แแแแฟแ, แแแแถ, แ แแแแถแแ, แ แแแแแ, แ แถแ, แ แแแถแแ, แแแแแแ, แแฝแ, แแปแ, แแ, แแ, แแปแ, แแพแ, แแฝ, แแ , แแแแแแ, แแปแ, แแถแแ, แแถแกแท, แแนแ, แแแแ, แแถแ แ, แแแแขแแ, แแแ, แแแแทแ, แแแแผแ, แแแแ, แแฝแ, แแแ, แแแถแแ, แแปแ, แแแแถแ, แแผแ, แแธแแแ, แแแ, แแแ, แแแแแนแ, แแแแแนแ, แแแแแถแแ, แแแแ, แแแแ, แแแแทแ, แแแแถแแแแแถ, แแแแนแ, แ แแแผแ, แกแผ, แขแแแ
- แแแปแแแ (rulegroup id=”Classifier_PEOPLE”)
- Word Order
- Verbal Syntax
- Verbal Types
- Verbal Stacking for Attribution
- Pre-verbal Attribution
- Tense/Aspect Auxiliaries
- Modal Auxiliaries
- Compound Verbs
- Attributive Motion Verbs
- Specific Verb Usage
- Usage of แ
แแ
When แ แแ is used with a noun (rule), the correct form is แ แแแแถแ + Noun (ex. แแแแปแโโแ แแแแถแโแกแถแโแแแแ)
When แ แแ is used with a verb (rule), it should be used by itself (ex. แแแแปแโโแ แแโแแ แ) - Usage of แแบโแแถ and แแถ to modify a Noun, Proper Noun, or Pronoun
When แแบแแถ or แแถ is used with a Noun, Proper Noun, or Pronoun, it gives additional information about that Noun, Proper Noun, or Pronoun, such as what they do for a job (ex. แแถแแโแแบแแถโแแแแแแ). It is incorrect, in this usage, to use แแบ by itself – the form must be แแบโแแถ or แแถ.
- Usage of แ
แแ
- Adverbial Syntax
- Adverbial Markers (แแถ – แแแ – แแแถแ – แแ)
- แแแถแ (rule name=”แแแถแ as Adverb Marker”)
The most common adverbial marker (ex. แแถแโแแถแโแแแแแแโแแนแโแแแขแผแโแแแถแโแแแแแแแแ) - แแแ and แแ
While it is possible to useแแแ as an adverbial marker it is not as common as แแแถแ (ex. แแถแโแแถแ แแแแแแโแแแโแแแแแแแแโแแถโแแฝแโแแนแโแแแขแผแ). แแ is even less common, though perhaps in poetry it might appear (ex. แแถแโแแถแ แแแแแแโแแโแแแแแแแแโแแถโแแฝแโแแนแโแแแขแผแ) - แแถ
Used only in certain cases, normally having to do with frequency, quantity, quality or degree (ex. แแถแโแแแแแโแแโแแถโแ แแแพแ). It often functions as an adverbial phrase (almost as if we said in English โIt is urgent that you comeโ โแแผแโแขแแแโแแโแแถโแแแแแถแแโ. Here is a list of some adverbial combinations using แแถ:
แแถแแแแแถแแ – แแถแแแแแ – แแถแแแ แทแ – แแถโแแทแ แแ แแถแ – แแถโแแแถแ – แแถแแนแแแถแแ – แแถแแฟแแ – แแถแแถแแแทแแแถแแ – แแถแแแแแแถ – แแถแแแแแ แผแ - แฒแแ
Used literally as โdo this so as to make it…โ (ex. แแผแโแขแถแโแฒแแโแ แแแถแแ and แแโแแแแพโแฒแแโแแถแแ).
- แแแถแ (rule name=”แแแถแ as Adverb Marker”)
- Ordinary Adverbs
- Compound Adverbs
- Adverbial Markers (แแถ – แแแ – แแแถแ – แแ)
- Particle Syntax
- Negative Particles
- Normal Negative Particle Position
Negative particles (แแทแ – แขแแ) are normally placed before (rule) verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs (ex. แกแถแโแแแโแแทแโแแแโแแแ).
- Normal Negative Particle Position
- Verb Related Particles
- Noun Related Particles
- Response Particles
- Medial Particles (แแ – แแผแ)
- Final Particles
- Negative Particles
- Clausal Syntax
- Nominal Clauses
- Clauses Joined by Conjunctions
- แแทแ and แ แพแแแทแ (rule id=”แ แพแโแแทแ”)
Often แแทแ and แแนแ are confused, but they are actually different. แแทแ (or แ แพแโแแทแ depending on writing style) is a coordinating conjunction (often translated as โandโ) while แแนแ is a particle that has many uses, one of which is to cause a verb to be future in aspect (ex. แแถแแโแแนแโแแ ).- แแทแ Between Two Nouns (rule)
Most of the time it is more proper to only use แแทแ when it links two nouns together (ex. แแแแปแโแแทแโแแแแโแแทแโแกแถแแ) - แ แพแโแแทแ or แ แพแ Between Two Verbs (rule)
When linking two verbs, it is often more proper to useโ แ แพแแแทแ or แ แพแ but not แแทแ by itself (ex. แแแแปแโแแ โแแถแแถโแ แพแโแแทแโแแ โแแแแถแแ) - แฌ
This conjunction is often translated as โorโ. When it joins two phrases it is often proper to have a space on either side (ex. แแบโแ แถแแ แฌโ แแแแปแแแโแแแแถแ).
- แแทแ Between Two Nouns (rule)
- แแทแ and แ แพแแแทแ (rule id=”แ แพแโแแทแ”)
- Clauses Joined by Clause Relators
- Clauses Joined by Prepositions
- Various Spelling Issues
In Khmer there are multiple spellings for many words, but while that inherently is not a problem, it can cause inconsistencies in published works (especially with more than one author, or translator) which is undesirable. This section seeks to list words with multiple spellings and give the more popular spelling as determined by a Google search, as well as give a list of known homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings).- Words with Multiple Spellings
There are many words in Khmer that can be spelled multiple ways. This is a list of those words with the most popular spelling in Google search results shown by an asterisk (*)- แฒแแ * = แฑแแ = แขแแ
- แแแแแแ* = แแแแแ
- แแแแแถแแ = แแแแถแแ*
- แแแแแถแแ* = แแแแถแแ
- แแแปแ = แแแแแปแ = แแแแปแ*
- แ แแแแ = แ แแแแแ*
- แแทแแท = แแแแทแแท*
- แแแแแ = แแแแ*
- แแปแแแแแถแแแแถโ = แแปแแแแแถแแแถ*
- แแแแถแแ =โโ แแแแแถแแ*
- แแแแผแ* = แ แแแผแ
- แแแแถแแแฝแแ = แแถแแแฝแแ*
- แแแแแ = แแแแแแ*
- แแแแแถแแ* = แแแแถแแ
- แแแแแ = แแแกแแ* = แแแแแแ
- แแแแกแถแแ* = แแแแแถแแ
- แ แแแแพแ*โ = แ แแแพแ
- Homophones
These are words that sound the same, but have different meanings (or are misspellings).- แ แพแแแนแ should be แ แพแแแทแ (rule id=”แ แพแโแแทแ”)
- แแแแแโแแปแโแแทแ should be แแแแแแแปแแแนแ
- แแถแแโแแธโแแปแ should be แแถแโแแธโแแปแ
- แ แถแ แ แถแแ แแถแ แแถแแ
- แแพแโแแ should be แกแพแโแแ (rule id=”แแพแโแแ ”)
- แแถโแแฝแโแแทแ should be แแถโแแฝแโแแนแ (rule id=”แแถโแแฝแโแแทแ”)
- แแธแแขแแแ should be แแธแแแถแแ (unless preceeded by แแ – แแทแ – แแแ – rule)
- แแแแธแแขแแแ should be แแแแธแแแถแแ (rule id=”แแแแธแแขแแแ”)
- แ แแแฝแ vs. แแแแผแ if NUM + แแแแผแ or แแแแผแ + NUM or แแธ
- Words with Multiple Spellings
24 Comments. Leave new
That’s nice, but how about our rules for spelling?
Hello แแปแ แแแแแถ,
I’m not sure if I totally understand – do you mean why Khmer words are spelled the way they are (their origin?)? If so, that is a little outside the scope of this study. If you are referring to the issue of multiple spellings (like แแแแถแแ vs. แแแแแถแแ) we are currently working on creating a list based on Chuon Nath’s dictionary of what spelling should be used (not which spelling is right, but which spelling to use for consistency in a publication). If you would like to be involved, please let us know – sungkhum at gmail.
Thanks!
Yes, consistency, when to use what letters, etc. You know spelling and grammar go hand-in-hand.
Rules like แ VS. แ, แ VS. แก, when vowels like แ should be used, when clusters should be used, the list goes on and on.
Currently we have had some difficulty finding sources for rules like that – if you are interested we would love to get a list with a short explanation of each rule from you to include, and perhaps it will even help with future work on the Khmer Grammar checker. Thanks!
I’ve ben having some difficuty finding that myself. If I come acrposs something. I’ll let you guys know.
This is not as organized and accessible, or as intelligible as your guys, but perhaps you can add to your grammar guide from this. http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/grammar_note/grammar_set.htm
Thanks แแปแ แแแแแถ – We hadn’t seen that page before, it is always good to find more resources! Thanks again!
Oh no problem.
Hello all,
I would like to suggest that the spellings be based on the spellings in Chuon Nath-based dictionary and to make sure not to just follow the myth of spellings. Let me raise some points in Khmer as follow:
แแผแแแแแแ “แแแกแแ” แแทแแแแ แแแแแ แฌ แแแแแแ แแ แ แพแ “แแแแบ” แแทแแแแ แแแแแบ แแแ แแแแปแแแพแแแแแ แถแแแแกแพแแแแแ แแแปแแถ แแถแแแแแแขแผแแแฝแแ แแแฝแแขแแขแถแแแถแแแแปแแแถแแแแฝแแแแแปแแแแแแ แแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแแแถแ แแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแถแแปแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแผแ แแถแ แแถแแแทแแแทแแแแแแ แแบแแถแแแแแแแปแแแแ แแทแแแแแฒแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแถแแปแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแผแแแถแ แแปแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแแแถแแแขแแแแแแแ แแบแแถแแถแแแผแแ แแแปแแแแแแถแ แแผแแแทแแทแแแแแพแแแแแฝแแแแแแพแแแถแแแแกแพแแแทแ (แแแแแ)แ แแถแแแแแฝแ แแพแแถแแแแแพแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแ แแพแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแถแแถแแแแแแแธ แแแแผแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแแแแ
แง. แแแแแแ แแแแธ แแแแแ แแแแพแ แแแแธ แแพแ แแแแบ แแแแธ แแบ แ แแแแพแ แแแแถแแแแแธ แแพแ + แแแแแแแแ [ แขแแ ]แ
แ แแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแ แแแแแ แแฝแแแแปแแแแแถแแถแแแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแทแแแฝแแแ แแผแ แแถแแแ Website แแทแแแฝแแแแแ แแถแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแ แแฝแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแกแแแแแ แแแขแแแแถแ English IPA แแแแแถแแแแแแถแแฝแแแแแแ แแแทแแแแแ /หweb.saษชt/ (e=แขแท) แแทแแแแ แแแแแถแ แแแแแแ แฌ แขแแแธแแแแแแกแพแแ แแถแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแแธแแแปแแแแแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแ แแแแแกแแแแแแแแแแแแถ แแผแ แแแแแถแแแแแ IPA แแถแแแแแพแแแถแแ แแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแฝแแแแแปแแแแปแแแแแแ
Sorry if any of you here cannot read Khmer but I just target those Khmer intellectuals to consider this critical.
Thank you for your input Piseth. As of right now the grammar checker does follow Chuon Nath as closely as possible. There are some instances where Chuon Nath was not clear, and so we had to make the decision based on other sources. You raise an interesting idea regarding new terms, such as แแแทแแแแแ vs. แแแแแถแ etc. – we have not yet implemented any coherency checking with new words but this would be a great feature for the future.
The more input we have the better the grammar checker will be – so please don’t hesitate to give your input!
Thank you,
Nathan Wells
for sbbic.org
แ แปแแแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแถแ แ แถแแแแธแขแกแพแแแ แแแถแแแแแ แแแ? แแผแ แแถแแถแแแ “แแพแ” แแถแแแแแปแแแแแถแแแแนแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแถ แแแแพแ แแแแแพแ แแแแพแ…
“แแพแ” แแถแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแถ แแแแแพแ แแแแพแ แแแแพแ
“แ แปแ” แ แแแปแ แแแแ แปแ
……
แ แพแแ แปแ แแถแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแ “แแแแพแ, แแ, แแถแ,… ” แแบแแถแขแแแธแแแ? แแพแแถแแแแแฝแแ แแแถแแแแถแแแถ?
แแถแแแแแฝแแแแแแ (แแทแแแนแแแพแแแธแแแแแแถ) แแถแแแแแแถแแแแถแ แแถแแถแแทแแถแ แแทแโ แแถแแถแแแแแแ แแผแ แแแแแแ แแถแแแถแแถแแทแแถแ แแบ แแแแแ แโ แแถแแถแแทแแผแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแฝแ แแแแแแแแ แ แแถ แแแแแ แ แแแแปแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแถแแแแแแแ แ แแแแถแแ แแบแแแแผแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแ แแทแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแถแแ แแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแแแ แแแแแขแแแแแแแพ (แแถแแแถแแธ แแแแแแแแนแ แแบ แแแแแขแถแแ) แแพแแแถแแแถแแแทแแแแแแพแแแแถแแแแแถแ แ แงแแถแ แแแ แแแแพแ (แแแแแพแ แแแแแพแ) แแแกแแ แแแแ แแแแแแ แแถแแพแแ แแทแแถแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแพแ แแแแผแแ แแแแแแแแถ แแแแแถแแฟแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแถแแธแแแแแแพแ แแแแแแแทแแแถแ แแถแแถแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแ แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแปแแแ แแถแแขแถแแแถแแแทแ แแฝแ แ แพแแแถแแถแแแแแผแแแ แแทแแแแแขแแแถแโ(แขแแแถแ แขแแแแถแ)แ แ แแแปแแแ แแผแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แแแแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแ แแแแผแแแแแแแถแ แถแ แแแแ แแแแแท แแแแแ แแแแแแแถแแแแแ แถแแทแแ แแแถแแแแถแแแแถแแแขแแแแแ แแพแแแแธแฒแแ(แขแแ)แแถแแถแแแแแ แแถแ แแถแแแแแแแถแแแแแแทแแ แแแแผแแ แแแแแ แแแแแแแแแถแแถแแแแ แขแถแ แแทแแแแแแ แแแแแแผแแ
Hi,
I just want to say that many khmer word in this page are missed spell and it’s hard to understand. Imagine that I am khmer find it hard to read, how about the other nation who want to improve their khmer?
Hello Laila,
Thank you for your interest in helping. Would you be kind enough to point out which words you believe to be misspelled?
Thank you,
Nathan Wells
for sbbic.org
@Piseth. I would have to disagree about using the IPA spelling as a basis for spelling technical words in Khmer. The reasons are that 1) each words does not have one and only one IPA spelling. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) spellings are derived from the pronunciation of words by actual speakers. For example, the word “car” would have at least two different IPA pronunciations and spellings: British English and American English. 2) Khmer spellings equivalent to English sounds is not very good. The reverse is true for English. In many cases, แขแท does not equal the IPA “e”, e.g. แขแทแ. This would be roughly equivalent to “in”, but in Khmer it is pronounced “un”. So, what is the solution? I think the better solution would be to integrate true Khmer words to signify these technical terms. I have a document that lists many computer terms that have done exactly this. I love it. Khmer is a rich language and can carry its own words. I know that still doesn’t solve the problems of every technical word :-). However, with all that, we can’t make the standards. It takes much time and consensus.
That is why it has to be seen if it’s in complementary distribution or not it seems as if there aren’t real linguist working on this project also it doesn’t look like anyone is research actual field linguists who have worked on the grammar sketch the phonology sketch of the language why is such an obvious thing not done?
this is for you..
แแแแฝแแแแแแฝแแฑแแ แถแแแขแถแแแแแแแแถแแแ
แแแแแแแแ2แแ แแถแแพแ
แแถแแแแแกแแแแงแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแธแ
แแแแแ (แ แพแแแนแ) แแแแผแแแแแแถแแปแแ
Khmer spelling rules remains big problem.
แแแแแ แแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแถแแถแแแแถแแแแ
(แแปแ) แแผแแทแแทแ แถแแฅแแแแถแ => แแผแแทแแทแ แถแแทแแแแถแ
(แแแแผแ) แแผแแท แแทแ แถแ แฅแแแแถแ
แ แแแปแแ
แขแแแแแแแแผแแฅแแแแทแแแ แแแพแ แแแแฝแแแแ แแแพแแแแแ
แแพแแแแถแ แแพแแแแแผแแแถแ
A แข
a แ
E แฅ
e แท
I แฆ
i แธ
O แง
o แป
U แจ
u แแปแแป
แแแแปแแแแแทแ
แแพแแพแแแถแ แแแแแแผแแแถแ
แขแถ AA
แถ aa
แ + แ = แถ
แแ แแ+ แขแแปแแแแ =แแ แแถแแปแแแแ
แแพแแแแถแCapsLock แแพแแแแแแแผแแแแแฝแแแแทแแแแถแขแแแแถแ (Limon) R1 & S1 แ แถแแแแแแ แ
แแพแแแแถแShift แแพแแแฝแแแแแแผแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แ แแแแแแแแถแแแ
แแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแพแแแแขแแแแปแแ
แแแปแ แแแแแ แแแแแแแ
แแแแปแ แแแแแแ แแแแแแ แ
แ แแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแฝ แแแขแแถแ แแแแแแทแแแแแแฝ(แแแแแแทแแแแแ)
แฅแแ แถแ แขแทแแ แถแ
แฏแแ แถแ แขแแแ แถแ
แฑแ แขแแ แฑแแ แฒ
(Website)
แแถแแแแแแ แแบ web+site
Web (แแแแแแแแ)แแแแแแแแปแแแธแแแถแ
(แแแแแแ)แแแแแแแแ
Site แแธ แแถแ (แแแแถแ) แแแแแแ
=>website แแถแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแถ แแถแแแแแแแ แแถแ แแถแแแทแแ แแปแแแแแถแ
แแถแIPA แแแแแถแ แแแแแแถแแแแแแแ
Is there a chance that you could include grammar for past perfect hypothetical/conditional khmer sentences?
I would like to know how to say things like “I would have if I could have,” “Would you have started to study Cambodian if you had known that there were no advanced classes at your university?,” or, of course, the many ways that the verb “make (as in forced someone to) is used in English. Some examples of “make” usage are “She made me go to the store,” “If I had known he would make me study law I never would have gone to that school,” or “My mother made me change the channel.” I am very interested to find this sort of thing out because I have never seen it explained anywhere.
Thank you for the wonderful site!
แแแแปแแแถแแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแถแขแแแแแ แแถแแแบแแแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแพแ แแพแแทแแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแถแแ แแถแแผแแ แแแแแแถแแแแแแพแแถแแแแแแแฝแ แแผแ แแถ แแแ แแ แขแถแ แแฝแ แแแแผแ แแถแแพแแ แงแแถแ แแแ (แแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแถแแ แแแขแปแแแแแ แถแ แแทแแแถแแแถแแแถแแ แฌ แแแแนแแแแแผแแแ) I would have if I could have แขแถแ แแแแแแถ แแแแปแแแฝแแแแแถแ(แแถแ?) แแพแแแแปแแขแถแ แแถแแ Would you have started to study Cambodian if you had known that there were no advanced classes at your university? แแพแขแแแแขแถแ แ แถแแแแแแพแแแทแแแแถ แแแแแ แแ แแพแขแแแแแถแแแนแแแถแแทแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแขแแแแแ? She made me go to the store แแถแแ(แแถแ)แแแแพแขแแแแแแปแแแ แ แถแแแแ If I had known he would make me study law I never would have gone to that school แแพแแแแปแ(แแถแ)แแนแแแถ แแถแแแแถแแแแแขแถแ แแแแพแขแแแแแแปแแแ แแแแ แแแถแแ แแแแปแแแแแปแแแถแแทแแแถแแแ แแถแแถแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแบแแถแแแแแแขแแแแถแแขแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแพแแ แทแแแ แ แพแแแ แแแแแแแแแปแแแแ แแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแแขแแถแแแแแแแแ แถแแแแแปแแแแทแแแแแแแ
แแแแปแแแแแแถ แแแทแแถแแแขแแ แแปแแแแแแแถแแแแ แแทแ แแแแ แถแแขแแแธ แแแแขแแแแแถแแแขแแแ แแแแแแพแขแแแแแแแพแแกแพแแแถแแถแแแแแ (แแถแแถแแแแแแแแแแพแแกแพแ)แ แแผแ แแแแถแแแแปแแแแ แแแแ แถแแแทแแแแถแแถแแข แแฝแแแแแแถแแแขแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แ แแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแถแ แแแแแแแถแแแแแแปแแแแแ แถแแแแแแแทแ แแแแถแแแแ แแถแแแแแ แแแแแฝแแแถแ แแฝแแแแ แแบแแปแแถแ แแแแพแขแแ + แแแแแแ + แแปแแแ + แแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแพแ แฌ แแถแแแแแแ แแถแแแทแแธแแปแแถแ แแแแพแขแแแแถแแแแแแพแแแถแแแแแแแธแแถแแงแแแแแ แแแแแ แแแแพแขแแแแแแแพแแกแพแ แแทแแขแถแ แแถแแถแแแ แแแแแแทแแแถแแแทแแถแแขแแแธแแแแแฝแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแขแถแ แแแแแพแแแถแแแแแแแธ แแแโ แก-แแแแแพแแ แพแ แแแแพแแพแแฌแแ แข-แแพแแทแแแแแแพแ แแพแขแแแแแถแแถแแแฝแแถแแธแแแแแพแ (แแพแแผแแแแแแแแทแแขแถแ แแแแแพแแแถแแแ แขแแแแแถแแแแแพแแขแแ)แ แแแแปแแกแแธแแทแแแแแปแ แแแแปแแแแแแถแแแถแแถแแแแแแ แแแฝแแฃ แแถแแแแแแทแแแแแแนแแแแแแ แแแขแถแ แขแถแแแแแฝแแแถแแขแถแแแถแแถแแแแฝแแฏแ แแแแแถแแฟแแแแแปแแแผแ แ แทแแแแแแแปแแ แแแแปแแแแแแถ แขแแแแแถแแแแทแแแ แแแแแแถแแแ แแแแพแแทแแแถแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแฝแแแฝแแแ (แแแแถแแแ แแแแถแแแแปแแแ แแแแแถแแแ แแแแถแแ แทแแแแแแแแแป แแผแแแแแถแแแ แแ แแแแทแแแแถ แแถแแพแ) แแแแแแแ แถแแแแแ แแแแแแนแ แแถแแแแแทแแถแ แแแ แทแแแแแ แแแแแ แทแแแ แ แงแแถแ แแแ แแถแแแแทแแถ แฌ แแแแพแแแกแแแ แแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแถแแถแแแทแแแถ OR แ แแแปแขแแแธแ แถแแแถแ แแแถแแแฝแขแแแแแแฝแแแแฏแ แแแแแแ แแแแทแแแแแแ แแบ แแ แแทแแแ ? แแแ (แขแถแแแถแขแ) แแถแแแแแถแแแ แแฝแแแแถแแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแ แแแแแ แแ แแแแถแ แแผแ แแถ แแแแแแขแถแแถแ แแแแแแ แแถแแแถแแทแแแแแแ แขแ แแ แแทแแ แแแปแแแแ แแแถแแแถแแแแธ แแผแแแแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแแผแแ แแแถแแแแถแแ แฏแแถแแแแแแแ แแผแ แแถแขแแแแแถแแทแแปแแแแแถแแพแ แแฝแแถแแแถแแแแแขแแ(แฒแแ) แแถแแแนแแแแ แแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแนแแแแฝแแแถแ แฌ แแแแแพแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแธ แแแแแถแแ แแแแพแขแแแแถแแถแแแแแแแแแพแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแ แแ แปแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแถแแถแแกแแแ แแบ แแถแแ แแแแถแแแแแพแแถแแแ แแแ แแนแ แแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแผแ แแถ แแแแ แแ แแถแแพแ แแทแแแถแแแแแถแแแแกแแแแพแแถ แแถแ แแปแแแถแ แแทแแทแแถแแแแแ แแถแแพแแ แงแแถแ แแแ แฏแแแถแ แแ แแถแแทแแทแแถแแแแแ แ แพแแแแขแถแ แแแแแพแแแถแ แแถแแฏแแแถแ(แแแแถ) แแถแแแแ แแแขแถแ แแแแพ แแแแผแแแแถแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแพแขแแแแแแผแแแ(แแแแผแ แแแแแผแ) แแถแแถแ แแแแผแแแแถแแผแแแธแแแแแ แแถแแพแ???
Hi,
the site is very useful, appreciate if you can point out how the hesitation and interjections of Khmer language express?
example: express of agreement ==> Em.. Surprise ==> Oh..
Thanks,